When one thinks about metals and processes associated with their production, ingots and billets are often the first ones that are recalled. The other end of the metal processing scale that these may be seen as, are semi finished castings of metals. They are crucial in the manufacturing of building materials, automobile, aerospace, consumer goods in

The sand casting process is ancient and one of the most common techniques for casting metal and, as its name indicates, sand is the key factor in its efficiency. In sand casting, for example, liquid metal is cast into a mold made of sand which serves to give shape to the material as it cools and hardens. The sand that is incorporated in the process